اردو- 11۱۴۱حصہ نظم سبق: ۲۲ ( غزل ) تدریسی مقاصد: طلبہ کو پروین شاکر کی شاعری میں پائے جانے والی شعری خوبیوں یعنی تشبیہات، استعارات اور زبان کی ندرت کی شناخت، ادبی جمالیات اور شعری حسن کو سمجھنے کی صلاحیت پیدا کرنا۔ طلبہ سے نسوانی اور تانیثی ادب کے بارے میں گفتگو کرنا۔ طلبہ کو پروین شاکر کی غزل کے مضامین اور موضوعات کے بارے میں بتانا۔ بادباں کھلنے سے پہلے کا اشارہ دیکھنا میں سمندر دیکھتی ہوں تم کنارہ دیکھنا یوں بچھڑنا بھی بہت آساں نہ تھا اُس سے مگر جاتے جاتے اُس کا وہ مُڑ کر دوبارہ دیکھنا کس شباہت کو لیے آیا ہے دروازے پہ چاند اے شبِ ہجراں! ذرا اپنا ستارہ دیکھنا کیا قیامت ہے کہ جن کے نام پر پلپا ہوئے اُن ہی لوگوں کو مقابل میں صف آرا دیکھنا جیتنے میں بھی جہاں جی کا زیاں پہلے سے ہے ایسی بازی ہارنے میں کیا خسارہ دیکھنا آئیے کی آنکھ ہی کچھ کم نہ تھی میرے لیے جانے اب کیا کیا دکھائے گا تمھارا دیکھنا ایک مُشتِ خاک اور وہ بھی ہوا کی زد میں ہے زندگی کی بے بسی کا استعارہ دیکھنا (ماہِ تمام) اضافی مطالعہ و ویڈیوز (EOLS) ویڈیو لیکچر غزل نمبر 5: بادباں کھلنے سے پہلے کا اشارہ دیکھنا | پروین شاکر ...
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Explore Class 9 Biology Chapter 1: The Science of Biology. Learn about its branches, scientific methods, interdisciplinary links, and Quranic perspectives on life.
Biology - Class 9
Excellence Online Learning School (EOLS)
Lesson Number: 1
Lesson Number: 1
Chapter 1
THE SCIENCE OF BIOLOGY
After studying this chapter, students will be able to:
- Define Biology.
- State that the Holy Quran instructs to reveal the study of Life.
- Define major fields of Biology as Botany, Zoology and Microbiology.
- Define the sub-fields of Biology.
- Relate that Biology connects with other natural sciences.
- Distinguish in terms of the broad subject matter the fields (Biophysics, Biochemistry, Computational Biology, Biogeography, Biostatistics, Biotechnology, Bio-economics).
- Identify the careers in Biology.
- Explain with examples how Biology is a subset of the natural sciences and of the life sciences.
- Justify with examples that science is a collaborative field that requires interdisciplinary researchers working together to share knowledge and critique ideas.
- Describe the steps of the scientific method.
- Evaluate the terms 'hypothesis', 'theory' and 'law' in the context of research in the natural sciences.
Ever wondered how plants grow or why animals behave the way they do? Science is all about exploring these mysteries! It’s a systematic way of studying the natural world through observation and experimentation. To make it easier to learn, science is divided into different branches like Biology, Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics. In this chapter, we will dive into the fascinating world of Biology that's the study of living things. We will see how biologists use scientific method to solve biological problems.
1.1- BIOLOGY AND ITS BRANCHES
Biology is the science of life. The word "Biology" comes from two Greek words i.e., "bios" (life) and "logos" (study). It explores the structures, functions, and interactions of living organisms. Understanding Biology helps us to address issues related to health, food, and the environment. Biology offers a fascinating journey of discovery from the microscopic world of bacteria to the vast ecosystems of our planet.
Major Fields of Biology
Biology is a vast field that explores the incredible diversity of life on Earth. To better understand this complexity, scientists have divided Biology into three main fields:
Zoology: It is the study of animals, including their structure, function, behaviour, and diversity.
Botany: It is the study of plants, including their structure, growth, reproduction, and interactions with their environment.
Microbiology: The study of microorganisms, such as bacteria and microscopic fungi is called microbiology. It includes the study of the structures, functions, habitats and reproduction of microorganisms, and their impacts on health and environment.
Branches or Sub-Fields of Biology
Biology is divided into different branches to better understand the aspects of life.
Morphology is the study of the form and structure of organisms. Morphology studies the outward appearance (shape, colour, pattern, etc.) as well as internal structures, like organs.
Anatomy is the branch of Biology that explores the internal physical structure of organisms, particularly humans. It helps in disease diagnosis, medical device development, and improving quality of life e.g., the study of the organs of the digestive system.
Physiology is the branch of Biology that deals with the functioning of body parts. For example, how the blood circulatory system transports vital substances throughout the body.
Histology is the microscopic study of tissues. Tissues are groups of cells that have similar functions. Tissue examination helps in disease diagnosis, drug studies, and understanding organ structure and function.
Cytology is the study of cells i.e., the building blocks of life. Cytologists unravel the fundamental structures of cells and their organelles. They also study the mechanisms of cell division.
Molecular Biology deals with the study of biological molecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Molecular biologists also study fundamental life processes, develop drugs, and create genetically modified organisms.
Embryology is the study of the process of development of organism from fertilized egg. In this branch, scientists study tissue and organ formation, identify birth defects, and develop medical treatments.
Genetics is the branch of Biology that deals with the study of transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring. In Genetics, scientists also study the causes of genetic diseases, and develop better varieties of plants and animals.
Palaeontology is the branch of Biology that deals with the study of fossils. The examination of fossils helps scientists to know the evolutionary history of organisms. For example, dinosaur fossils provide evidence of giant reptiles that roamed the Earth millions of years ago.
Taxonomy is the branch of Biology that deals with the classification of organisms into groups on the basis of similarities and differences. Classification of organisms helps to organize and understand the diversity of life, identify new species, and study evolutionary relationships.
Ecology is the branch of Biology that deals with the relationships between organisms and their environment. Ecology helps to conserve biodiversity and address environmental problems. The food chain, for instance, illustrates the interconnectedness of organisms for energy and nutrients.
Marine Biology is the branch of Biology that deals with the study of life in oceans. It helps to understand ocean biodiversity, discover new species, and address marine conservation issues. For example, coral reefs support a wide variety of marine life.
Pathology is the study of diseases, their causes, and effects. Pathology helps in disease diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. For example, pathologist studies how the uncontrolled division and spread of cells causes cancer.
Immunology is the branch in which we study the components of the immune system and their role against diseases. Immunologists study to develop vaccines, treat autoimmune diseases, and improve immune responses to infections.
Pharmacology is the branch in which we study drugs and their effects on the body. This helps in the development of new drugs. For example, new antibiotics are developed that are used to kill bacteria and treat bacterial infections.
1.2- RELATION OF BIOLOGY WITH OTHER SCIENCES
Biology is closely linked with other natural sciences such as Chemistry, Physics, and Earth Sciences. These connections help us understand life processes, environmental interactions, and the complexities of living organisms.
1. Biochemistry: Biochemistry is the study of the structure and reactions of different chemical substances present in living systems. The study of the chemical reactions of photosynthesis and respiration are examples of Biochemistry.
2. Biophysics: It deals with the study of the principles of Physics, which apply to biological processes. For example, in Biophysics we study the rules of lever and motion for understanding the function of muscles, bones and joints.
3. Computational Biology: In Computational Biology, scientists use Mathematical models, algorithms, and computer simulations to understand biological systems and relationships. It involves analysing biological data, such as sequence of amino acids in a protein.
4. Biogeography: It deals with the study of the distribution of living organisms in different geographical regions of the world. The influence of climate change on the distribution of organisms is also studied in Biogeography.
5. Biostatistics: It deals with the principles of statistics to analyse and interpret data related to living organisms. Biostatistics plays a crucial role in biological research, healthcare, and public health etc.
6. Biotechnology: It deals with the use of living organisms or their components to develop beneficial products or processes for various fields, including healthcare, agriculture, and environmental management. For example, Biotechnologists use bacteria for the production of insulin to treat diabetic patients.
Chemistry → Biochemistry | Physics → Biophysics | Geography → Biogeography
Statistics → Biostatistics | Many sciences → Biotechnology
Maths / Computer → Computational Bio | Economics → Bio-economics
FIGURE 1.1: Relation of Biology with other sciences
7. Bio-economics: It deals with the study of organisms from economical point of view. In bio-economics, scientists calculate the cost and profit of the biological projects e.g. production of new variety of crops.
1.3- CAREERS IN BIOLOGY
The students of Biology get a comprehension of the various phenomena of life. After their FSc with Biology, they can select further studies for diverse careers, for example:
1. Medicine and Surgery: The profession medicine deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In surgery the defective parts of the body are repaired, replaced or removed. For this profession, students need to complete a 5-year Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) degree.
2. Dentistry: Dentists specialize in oral health. They diagnose and treat dental diseases and perform surgeries. For this profession, students get a 4-year Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) degree.
3. Pharmacology: Pharmacologists study the effects of drugs on human body and develop new medications. For this career, a Bachelor of Studies (BS) degree in Pharmacy or Doctor of Pharmacy (D. Pharm) degree is required.
More Careers in Biology
| Career | Major Jobs |
|---|---|
| Veterinary Medicine | Diagnosis and treatment of diseases in animals and surgeries in animals |
| Environmental Science | Solving issues related to pollution and natural resources |
| Microbiology | Research on microorganisms to understand their impact |
| Genetic Counselling | Providing support to people on genetic conditions and testing |
| Nutrition and Dietetics | Advising on proper dietary habits to promote health. |
| Public Health | Improving the health of communities through education, policy-making, and research. |
| Biomedical Engineering | Designing and making medical equipment to improve patient care. |
| Bioinformatics | Analysis of biological data by using computational tools |
4. Physiotherapy: It is the therapy that is used to restore movement and physical function of body that has been impaired by disease or injury. Physiotherapists use physical exercise and physical modalities (such as massage) to improve patient's physical movement. To become a physiotherapist, a 4-year BS degree in Physical Therapy or Physiotherapy is needed.
5. Fisheries and Wildlife: Fisheries and wildlife departments also offer jobs to the biologists after a BS and Master of Studies (MS) degree in Zoology, Fisheries or Aquaculture.
6. Agriculture: Agricultural scientists improve farming practices, crop production, and sustainable agriculture techniques. A 4-year BS degree in Agriculture is required.
7. Animal Husbandry: This field involves breeding and caring for livestock to improve their quality and productivity. For it, students can pursue a 4-year BS degree in Animal Husbandry.
8. Horticulture: Horticulturists cultivate fruits, vegetables, flowers, and ornamental plants. A 4-year BS degree in Horticulture is required for it.
9. Forestry: Foresters manage and conserve forests and wildlife. For this profession, 4-year BS degree in Forestry is necessary.
10. Farming: The professionals of farming prepare farms e.g., animals farms, poultry farms, fruit farms. In such farms, they grow crops and raise animals for food and other products. A 4-year BS degree in Agriculture or specific farming courses is required for this profession.
11. Biotechnology: Biotechnologists use biological processes to develop products and technologies in medicine, agriculture, and more. A 4-year BS degree in Biotechnology is required for this.
12. Forensics: Forensic scientists analyse physical evidence from crime scenes in criminal investigations. A 4-year BS degree in Forensic Science is needed for this.
1.4- QURANIC INSTRUCTIONS TO REVEAL THE STUDY OF LIFE
In the Holy Quran, there are several verses that highlight the study of life. Here are a few Quranic guidelines that encourage exploring and reflecting on the study of life:
وَجَعَلْنَا مِنَ الْمَاءِ كُلَّ شَيْءٍ حَيٍّ"We made every living thing from water." (Sura: Al-Ambia, Verse: 30)
The Quran mentions in multiple verses that all living things were created from water. Water is described as a divine blessing from Allah. The average water content in different organisms ranges between 60% to 90%. The above Verse hints at the common origin of all living things in the water.
خَلَقَ الْإِنسَانَ مِن صَلْصَالٍ كَالْفَخَّارِ"He made man from clay like the potter." (Sura: Al-Rehman, Verse: 14)
By the hints given in both these Verses, we can find the events that occurred in the creation of human beings. We are advised to think over the possible ways through which such events might have occurred. Allah also hints at the method of the development of animals including human beings.
ثُمَّ خَلَقْنَا النُّطْفَةَ عَلَقَةً فَخَلَقْنَا الْعَلَقَةَ مُضْغَةً فَخَلَقْنَا الْمُضْغَةَ عِظَامًا فَكَسَوْنَا الْعِظَامَ لَحْمًا"Then fashioned We the drop a clot, then fashioned We the clot a little lump, then fashioned We the little lump bones, then clothed the bones with flesh." (Sura: Al-Mominoon, Verse: 14)
Quran also describes the common origin and modification of animals.
وَاللَّهُ خَلَقَ كُلَّ دَابَّةٍ مِّن مَّاءٍ ۖ فَمِنْهُم مَّن يَمْشِي عَلَىٰ بَطْنِهِ وَمِنْهُم مَّن يَمْشِي عَلَىٰ رِجْلَيْنِ وَمِنْهُم مَّن يَمْشِي عَلَىٰ أَرْبَعٍ ۚ يَخْلُقُ اللَّهُ مَا يَشَاءُ ۚ إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلَىٰ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ"Allah hath created every animal from water. Then some of them creep up over their bellies, others walk on two legs, and others on four. Allah creates what He pleases. Surely, Allah is most capable of everything." (Sura: Al-Nur, Verse: 45)
This verse explains that Allah created early life in water (fishes) and then animals with limbs were evolved. Among such animals some were created who creep over their bellies and then some were created who walk on two and some on four legs.
1.5- SCIENCE AS A COLLABORATIVE FIELD
Science is a collaborative field in which researchers from various disciplines (fields) work together to solve complex problems. Interdisciplinary teams can tackle problems more efficiently by leveraging the strengths and expertise of each discipline. It often leads to quicker and sustainable solutions. Let's discuss a few examples of interdisciplinary collaboration in science:
Human Genome Project: The Human Genome Project aimed to sequence and map the entire human genome. This project was completed in 2003. It involved researchers from various disciplines, including molecular biology, genetics, informatics, and computer science.
BIOLOGY, PHYSICS, ETHICS, INFORMATICS, ENGINEERING, CHEMISTRY.
FIGURE 1.2: The Human Genome Project
Climate Change Research: Climate change requires collaboration among many disciplines, such as atmospheric science, ecology, economics, and sociology.
Medical Research: Medical research often depends on interdisciplinary collaboration. For example, cancer research involves oncologists (cancer consultants), biologists, biochemists, geneticists, pharmacologists, and statisticians.
Robotics and Artificial Intelligence (AI): The field of robotics and AI is highly interdisciplinary. It involves computer science, engineering, mathematics, neuroscience, and psychology. This collaboration has led to significant advancements in robotic systems, autonomous vehicles, machine learning and natural language processing.
[Icon/Visual: Robot head with gears of AI]
FIGURE 1.3: Robotic and artificial intelligence
Space Exploration: Organizations like NASA and the International Space Station (ISS) involve scientists from various fields, including astrophysics, planetary science, engineering, Biology, and medicine. These collaborations enable scientists to investigate the cosmos.
1.6- SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Scientists take specific steps for doing scientific work or research. These steps are called the scientific method. For biological research, these steps are called biological method. The following steps are involved in scientific method:
- Recognition of a scientific problem
- Observation
- Hypothesis
- Deduction
- Experiments
- Results
1. Recognition of a Problem: The first step involves identifying and defining a scientific problem (specific issue or phenomenon) that scientist wants to investigate. Such problem is either asked by someone or comes in biologist's mind by himself. For example, a biologist notices that plants in an area are growing taller than usual. He develops a scientific problem: "What factors are responsible for the increased growth of these plants?" This problem becomes the starting point for a scientific inquiry.
2. Observations: Scientists make observations about the problem. They use five senses for making observation. They also read and study the previous researches on the same or related problems. Observations may be qualitative or quantitative.
Qualitative observations involve observations that cannot be measured with numbers. For example, the colour and texture of a flower.
Quantitative observations involve measurements or numerical data that can be expressed in terms of quantity. For example, the number of birds in a tree. Quantitative observations are more accurate than qualitative because quantitative observations are invariable, measurable and can be recorded in terms of numbers.
3. Hypothesis: On the basis of observations, scientists develop a statement that may prove the answer of the scientific problem under study. Such tentative answer of scientific problem is called hypothesis. Scientists make many hypotheses for a single problem. A hypothesis has the following characteristics:
- It is a proposed statement to answer the problem.
- It always matches with the available observations.
- It can be tested through experiments.
- There is always a way to disprove the hypothesis.
4. Deduction: Scientists develop logical results from their hypotheses. Such logical results of hypotheses are called deductions. Usually, deductions follow the pattern of "if-then" statements. Scientists assume that 'if' hypothesis is true 'then' what might be the results. For example:
Hypothesis: "Leaf discoloration and stunted growth in a plant are caused by a deficiency of iron in the soil".
Deduction: "If iron deficiency is causing the symptoms, then adding iron to the soil will improve the colours of leaves and promote plant growth".
5. Experiments: It is the most basic step of scientific method. Scientists perform experiments to test all hypotheses. In a successful experiment, one hypothesis is proved correct and the alternate hypotheses are proved incorrect. The incorrect hypotheses are rejected and the proved one is accepted. Scientists make new deductions from the accepted hypothesis. Then they perform further experiments and confirm the correctness of hypothesis.
6. Results: Scientists gather data from their experiments. They use statistical analyses and graphs etc. to summarize the results. Scientists also include a list of all the references in the summary to acknowledge the sources of information. Scientists publish their findings in scientific journals and books. They also share the findings with other scientists. For this purpose, they create a scientific report and give presentation in National and International meetings and seminars.
1.7- THEORY AND LAW (PRINCIPLE)
When experiments prove a hypothesis correct, scientists use such hypothesis for making further hypotheses. When new hypotheses are again proved by experiments, the original hypothesis becomes a theory. A theory is supported by extensive evidence and is repeatedly validated by multiple researchers. For example, the theory of evolution explains how species change over time through natural selection.
Scientists keep on testing the theories by doing experiments. They try their best to disprove the theory. If a theory is proved again and again by experiments, it becomes a law or principle. A scientific law is a uniform or constant fact of nature. The examples of biological laws are Hardy-Weinberg law and Mendel's laws of inheritance.
Problem → Obs → Hypothesis → Deduction → Experiments
Experiments → Results → Reporting → Theory → Law
FIGURE 1.4: Flowchart of Scientific method
1.8- MALARIA - AN EXAMPLE OF BIOLOGICAL METHOD
Malaria is a common disease in many countries including Pakistan. You will know how biologists solved the biological problem concerning malaria.
Biological Problem 1: What is the cause of malaria?
1. Observations: This disease was known to physicians of the ancient times (more than 2000 years ago). In the last part of 19th century, there were four major observations about malaria:
- Malaria and marshy areas have some relation.
- Quinine is an effective drug for treating malaria.
- Drinking the water of marshy areas does not cause malaria.
- Plasmodium was seen in the blood of malarial patients.
Note: In 1878, a French army physician Laveran noticed microorganisms in malarial blood and named them Plasmodium.
2. Hypothesis: "Plasmodium is the cause of malaria"
3. Deduction: "If Plasmodium is the cause of malaria, then all malarial patients should have Plasmodium in their blood."
3. Experiment and Results: Biologists examined 100 malarial patients (experimental group) and 100 healthy persons (control group). Most malarial patients had Plasmodium. The result proved the hypothesis true.
Biological Problem 2: How Plasmodium gets into the blood of man?
1. Observations: In 1883, A. F. A. King noted:
- People sleeping outdoors had more malaria.
- Mosquito nets reduced malaria risk.
- Sleeping near smoky fire reduced malaria risk.
2. Hypothesis: "Mosquitoes transmit Plasmodium and so are involved in the spread of malaria."
3. Deduction: "If mosquitoes are involved in the spread of malaria, then Plasmodium should be present in mosquitoes."
3. Experiment and Results: Ronald Ross allowed female Anopheles mosquitoes to bite malarial patients. He found Plasmodium multiplying in the mosquito's stomach. He later used sparrows. Culex mosquitoes bit malarial sparrows, then bit healthy sparrows. The healthy sparrows got malaria. This proved the hypothesis.
Healthy sparrow → Culex → Sparrow ill with malaria
Healthy man → Anopheles → Man ill with malaria
FIGURE 1.6: Malaria Transmission Model
Experiments on Human Beings: In 1898, Italian biologists confirmed this by allowing an Anopheles mosquito to bite a malarial patient and then a healthy man, who subsequently became ill with malaria.
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